Reproduction is aplacental viviparous, which was once called ovoviviparity. After researching and looking at Smooth Hound Sharks for quite some time, the shark that we received had the best coloration of any Smooth Hound I’ve seen, literally, and arrived healthy and is still thriving months later. The meat is primarily consumed in England, France, Italy, the Benelux countries, and Germany. Mating takes place in the winter months with gestation lasting 22–24 months. Fertilization is internal.

They are commonly found at depths of around 50–149 m (160–490 ft), but have been found deeper than 700 m (2,300 ft). It was also set well above the actual weight of fish being caught until 2005, rendering it meaningless. [4], The spiny dogfish has dorsal fins, no anal fin, and white spots along its back. [7] Both sexes are greyish brown in color and are countershaded. [20], National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Migratory Shark Memorandum of Understanding, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T91209505A2898271.en, "Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US: Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)", "Dogfish — it's what's for dinner on the Cape", Greenpeace International Seafood Red list, Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks, "Mid-Atlantic Council Adopts Increase in Spiny Dogfish Quotas", NOAA Announces Recovery of Spiny Dogfish Stock, "Threat of Dogfish Sharks Unite Commercial and Recreational Fishermen From Maine to North Carolina", http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=151823, 3D model of a spiny dogfish splanchnocranium, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiny_dogfish&oldid=984938946, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

"[14] In the same year, the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS; also known as the Bonn Convention) listed the species (Northern Hemisphere populations) under Annex I of its Migratory Shark Memorandum of Understanding. The effort is funded by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and attempts to get the public to consume under-utilized fish.

[11], The Cape Cod Commercial Fishermen's Alliance has sponsored an initiative which promotes local, sustainably-caught use of the dogfish in restaurants and fish markets in the Cape Cod area of Massachusetts. Recreational fishing accounts for an insignificant portion of the spiny dogfish harvest. While these common names may apply to several species, Squalus acanthias is distinguished by having two spines (one anterior to each dorsal fin) and lacks an anal fin. Most sharks are intermediate in size, about the same size as people, 5-7 feet (1.5-2.1 m) long.

If captured, the shark can arch its back to pierce its captor with spines near the dorsal fins that secrete a mild venom into its predator. In France it is sold as "small salmon" (saumonette) and in Belgium and Germany it is sold as "sea eel" (zeepaling and Seeaal, respectively). [citation needed] In England this and other dogfish are sold in fish-and-chip shops as "huss", and it was historically sold as "rock salmon" until the term was outlawed by consumer legislation. [clarification needed] The proposed quota for 2011 was 16.1 million kilograms (35.5 million lb) with a trip limit of 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), an increase over past years in which the quota has ranged from 2 to 9 million kilograms (5 to 20 million lb), with trip limits from 900 to 1,400 kg (2,000 to 3,000 lb). This page was last edited on 23 October 2020, at 00:26. It can also be found hiding in caves and crevices. [8], Life span estimates based on analysis of vertebral centra and annuli in the dorsal spines range from 35 to 54 years.

It can be found on sandy or rocky bottoms, between the surface and 150 metres deep. Males mature at about 60 cm in length. The daily bag and possession limit for leopard shark is 3 fish with a minimum size limit of 36 inches total length. The smallest shark is the Spined Pygmy shark, which, when fully-grown, is only 7-8 inches (18-20 cm) long. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries. Squalus acanthias fossils date back to the Miocene 11 MYA.

However, since the species is a late-maturing fish, it takes a while[quantify] to rebuild the population. It remains to be seen if populations will be able to recover.[13]. In Mid-Atlantic and Southern New England fisheries, they are often caught when harvesting larger groundfish, classified as bycatch, and discarded. Reported catches in 2000–2009 varied between 13,800 tonnes (in 2008) and 31,700 tonnes (in 2000). Males mature at around 11 years of age, growing to 80–100 cm (31–39 in) in length; females mature in 18–21 years and are slightly larger than males, reaching 98.5–159 cm (38.8–62.6 in). (2005). Despite these alarming figures, very few management or conservation measures are in place for Squalus acanthias.
The horn shark, Heterodontus francisci, occurs in warm-temperate and subtropical regions of the eastern Pacific Ocean from central California to the Gulf of California (Compagno, 2001). the European market for spiny dogfish has increased dramatically, which led to the overfishing and decline of the species.

This drastic increase led to the creation and implementation of many fishery management policies placing restrictions on the fishing of spiny dogfish. [9], Spiny dogfish are consumed as human food in Europe, the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Chile. The spiny dogfish, spurdog, mud shark, or piked dogfish (Squalus acanthias) is one of the best known species of the Squalidae (dogfish) family of sharks, which is part of the Squaliformes order. [18], In June 2018, the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified Squalus acanthias Linnaeus as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[19]. It is also used as fertilizer, liver oil, and pet food.

World distribution map for the horn shark. The fins and tails are processed into fin needles and are used in less-expensive versions of shark fin soup in Chinese cuisine. It is found mostly in shallow waters and further offshore in most parts of the world, especially in temperate waters. The male inserts one clasper into the female cloaca during copulation. Because of its availability, cartilaginous skull, and manageable size, it is a popular vertebrate dissection specimen in both high schools and universities. As a cartilaginous fish, shark tissues usually do not fossilize. [15], In recent years, however, the US has implemented fishing controls and opened up the fishery. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. Litters range between two and eleven, but average six or seven. Maximum Size Up to 4 feet Interesting Facts: • While some species of sharks are highly migratory, studies suggest that horn sharks have an extremely small home range of about 11,000 square feet. [16] In 2010, NOAA announced the Eastern US Atlantic spiny dogfish stocks to be rebuilt,[17] and in 2011, concerns about dogfish posing a serious predatory threat to other stocks resulted in an emergency amendment of the quota with nearly 6.8 million kilograms (15 million lb) being added. [3] While these common names may apply to several species, Squalus acanthias is distinguished by having two spines (one anterior to each dorsal fin) and lacks an anal fin. I have nothing but good things to say about both the wildlife I have received from Shark and Reef and their customer service. Since 2009 a maximum landing size of one metre (3 ft 3 in) has been imposed in order to protect the most valuable mature females. The male inserts one clasper into the female oviduct orifice and injects sperm along a groove on the clasper's dorsal section. [10], Bottom trawlers and sink gillnets are the primary equipment used to harvest spiny dogfish. Spiny dogfish are bottom-dwellers.

The horn shark feeds at night on shellfish, sea urchins, crustaceans and sometimes small fish. [5], This shark is known to hunt in packs that can range up into the thousands. The horn shark is a spotted shark that lives in kelp forests. Males are identified by a pair of pelvic fins modified as sperm-transfer organs, or "claspers". They are aggressive hunters and have a sizable diet that can range from squid, fish, crab, jellyfish, sea cucumber, shrimp and other invertebrates.[6].

The caudal fin has asymmetrical lobes, forming a heterocercal tail.
The spiny dogfish, spurdog, mud shark, or piked dogfish [2] (Squalus acanthias) is one of the best known species of the Squalidae (dogfish) family of sharks, which is part of the Squaliformes order.

It leads a quiet life, resting on the sea floor.

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