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"[182] In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. Similarly, the influence of Indian language and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words entering the English language, and also the adoption of Indian cuisine. [104], Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765", in, Moore, "Imperial India, 1858–1914", p. 435, Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey (Armonk: M.E. Raj Anadkat is the famous Tik Tok Star and Actor from India.He is known for his Comedy mimic, humor and amusing talents. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. The show is set in the city of Jaipur in India. [151], Sir Robert Grant directed his attention to establishing a systematic institution in Bombay for imparting medical knowledge to the natives. [91] India's global share of GDP fell drastically from above 20% to less than 5% in the colonial period. [110] After independence in 1947, forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated to form a single nationalised unit named the Indian Railways. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence, the satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The Executive Council was greatly expanded during the Second World War, and in 1947 comprised 14 members (secretaries), each of whom earned a salary of Rs. The following day Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and quickly spread throughout British India. Klein, "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution," p. 42. A significant fact which stands out is that those parts of India which have been longest under British rule are the poorest today. He was assisted by a body of advisers numbering from 8–12 individuals, at least half of whom were required to have held office in India for a minimum of 10 years, and had not relinquished office earlier than two years prior to their appointment as advisers to the Secretary of State.[35]. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects';[61] demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India. The Muslim community was made a separate electorate and granted double representation. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Photograph of the staff and students of the National College, Lahore, founded in 1921 by Lala Lajpat Rai for students preparing for the non-co-operation movement. Top officials in Britain, most notably Prime Minister Winston Churchill, did not support the Cripps Mission and negotiations with the Congress soon broke down. Kashmir, like Hyderabad, Mysore, and the states of the Rajputana, supported the British during the Rebellion of 1857. Court rulings restricted the rights of second wives and their children regarding inheritance. It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects. [162] His agenda included the creation of the North-West Frontier Province; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of a Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the universities; police reforms; upgrading the roles of the Native States; a new Commerce and Industry Department; promotion of industry; revised land revenue policies; lowering taxes; setting up agricultural banks; creating an Agricultural Department; sponsoring agricultural research; establishing an Imperial Library; creating an Imperial Cadet Corps; new famine codes; and, indeed, reducing the smoke nuisance in Calcutta.

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