In such conditions, the age of parasitoid increases and this in turn affects the parasitoid’s parasitization ability. It is the best biological method of control for rice stem borer, which is the most common pest found in paddies. A continuous periodic release would increase the intensity of parasitization significantly. One environmentally friendly control effort is the release of T. japonicum. Time and place of research: The research into the age implications of both the parasitoid T. japonicum and the Corcyra cephalonica host egg was performed in the Biological Control Laboratory of the Agriculture Faculty at the University of Gadjah Mada in 2012. T. japonicum aged between 0 and 3 days showed a high ability for parasitization, while any older age greatly reduced its abilities. In an ecosystem, the dynamics of a pest population was affected by biotic and abiotic components. The parasitization abilities of a 4 days old T. japonicum greatly decreased, most likely because the eggs in her ovaries had already been reabsorbed to maintain energy for survival. Levels of parasitization were highest upon available host eggs less than 24 h old. According to Carpenter et al.34, the effect of the host age difference between 1 until 3 days on the parasitization ability of Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) was not significantly different under conditions in which it could not choose the host egg age (in this case, the eggs of Cydia pomonella, (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. It appears that the T. japonicum were relatively capable of maintaining parasitization ability until their 3rd day, after this point, their ability decreased. Sixteen traps were installed per observation plot in the form of groups of S. incertulas eggs or in the form of a card of C. cephalonica eggs. An Trichogramma japonicum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichogramma , ngan familia nga Trichogrammatidae . On the fifth day, each card contained 60 eggs of C. cephalonica to be incorporated simultaneously into a glass tube to be preyed on by a T. japonicum female according to the treatment as outlined above. The highest parasitization levels occurred in the combination treatment of UP-1 and UI-0 (36.2±6.8 egg parasitized/egg-mass card). The release of T. japonicum in the field had a significant effect on parasitization intensity (p = 0.00). Occurrences of T. schoenobii and T. rowani were found only in S. incertulas egg traps. As a reference we ensured that we knew the length of time for which the host eggs would be fit for parasitization. The release of as many as 3 times the naturally-occurring population showed a rise from between 7.85-9.10 eggs parasitized/egg-mass. The top and bottom of the tubes were covered with gauze as the laying of C. cephalonica eggs. The usage of 50,000 parasitoids per hectare per application decreased the seedlings damaged by 50.1-61.3% of the total undamaged and 100,000 doses parasitoids per hectare per application decreased the amount of seedlings damaged 78.1-8.6% undamaged. 5,000 parasitoids/plot (250,000 parasitoids ha–1) did not differ significantly from controls. A host egg aged between 0 and 24 h were more receptive to parasitization (89-90.1% parasitized) than a host egg aged between 36 and 48 h old (77.8% until 79.3% parasitized). Species from the Crambidae family are: 1) White RSB, Scirpophaga innotata (Walker), 2) Yellow RSB, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), 3) Striped RSB, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), 4) Black heads RSB, Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick), 5) Shiny RSB, Chilo auricilius (Dudgeon). *Trap eggs in the form of a card containing 100 eggs of, https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajcs.2018.31.39. After being released in the field, T. japonicum spread out in all directions and could reach a distance of between 1 and 6 m radius after an exposure of 7 h. Using T. japonicum in the field successfully controlled the population of S. incertulas. Conservation efforts should thus be considered: The usage of pesticides should be reduced in order not to hamper the role of parasitoids in controlling pest populations. These parasitoids also attacked S. incertulas eggs. Based on the Tukey test α = 0.05, the parasitization intensities of T. japonicum treatments Si-2500 and Si-5000 were significantly different from the control, whereas treatment Cc-2500 and Cc-5000 were not significantly different than the control. During a period of 1900-1940, the population of S. innotata exploded several times, namely in the years 1903, 1907, 1912, 1919, 1926, 1932, 1936 and 19375. BIOCAT Database (unpublished)., Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [citation needed], It is the best biological method of control for rice stem borer, which is the most common pest found in paddies. From the beginning of the modern era, the populations of White RSB Scirpophaga innotata have experienced rapid periods of growth and decline. Materials and Methods: The testing method used was a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design. These changes in biochemical composition affect the host’s receptivity to the parasitoid. Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database. Parasitization ability decreases, then, because the host eggs are too old and the content of nutrients in the egg rapidly change31. Each card carton contained parasitoid pupae (pupa living inside a host egg). The widespread availability of rice plants in the appropriate condition and weather type for the development of S. incertulas will result in a rapid population growth during each rice-cropping period. The first day was given over to the treatment of UI-4 eggs, the 2nd day to prepare for the treatment of UI-3, the 3rd day to prepare for the treatment of UI-2, the 4th day to prepare for the treatment of UI-1 and the 5th day to prepare for the treatment of UI-0. Trichogramma (trichogramma) japonicum Ashmead, 1904 An Trichogramma japonicum [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] in uska species han Hymenoptera nga ginhulagway ni William Harris Ashmead hadton 1904. After exposure, the egg trap was collected back and each was subsequently incubated in the laboratory until the imago appeared. Trichograma japonicum is a minute wasp or parasitoid which lays around 100,000 to 120,000 eggs during its life cycle. The variable under observation was the parasitization ability of T. japonicum in each separate treatment, by counting the number of host eggs preyed upon by T. japonicum per each card. Multiplication of Corcyra cephalonica eggs: The T. japonicum were bred using alternative hosts (factitious hosts), in this case the eggs of C. cephalonica. : nombre d analyses. The parasitization ability would likely continue to decrease until the parasitoid died. More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. CABI is a registered EU trademark. Moths were then inserted into the nesting tubes made of PVC plastic measuring 8 cm and 20 cm high. This study experiment proved that the age of T. japonicum had significantly effect on its parasitization ability. Kalshoven LGE; Laan PA van der (Reviser and translator), 1981. Each petri dish was then stored in a refrigerator in low temperature conditions (4-7°C). CABI Data Mining, Undated. A total of 300 egg crops were then sown into a container for the maintenance of C. cephalonica pre-adults. This method was used in consideration of the ease of maintaining the factitious hosts, maintaining the eggs of S. incertulas was much more difficult. This proves that T. schoenobii have a good dispersal rate and parasitization ability in the rice habitats of this particular regency. The effectiveness of T. japonicum in the field is affected by the harmony between the host eggs availability at the time of the parasitoids’ appearance and the desired function of parasitoid eggs when other species work as competitors31,33.

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